Essay about Whitman vs. Dickinson - 759 Words

Whitman vs. Dickinson Death; termination of vital existence; passing away of the physical state. Dying comes along with a pool of emotions that writers have many times tried to explain. Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman were two pioneer poets from the Romantic Era, that introduced new, freer styles of writing to modern poetry at the time. Both Whitman and Dickinson have similar ideas in their writing, but each has a unique touch of expression in their works. Both poets have portrayed death in their poetry as a relief, a salvation, or escape to a better place- another life. They have formulated death as a positive yet ambiguous state. In Dickinsons Narrow Fellow in the Grass and Whitmans Wound-Dresser, there exists a link†¦show more content†¦Whitman also describes death in a very delicate manner, which allows the reader to feel that death is in a way, good. For instance, he describes the soldiers as noisy in war, but when they die, there is silence. Silence resembles death, yet its not a negative way of expressing it. As the poet encounters with more memories of suffering, he calls to death: Come sweet death! be persuaded O beautiful death!/ In mercy come quickly (lines 44-45). He believes death will alleviate the pains and that it is good. Another delicate way of describing death, and an excellent choice of words, is when he says he recalls the experience (as) sweet and sad (line 63) These young soldiers have so much life ahead of them and they are dying, this makes it sad. Yet since they are suffering so much, its sweet that they die. In this particular poem, Whitman portrays an attitude of positive welcoming of death. The positive outlook that Whitman portrays towards death in his poem the Wound-Dresser, is similarly shown in Emily Dickinsons Narrow Fellow in the Grass. She tells a simple story with impressive word choices that allow for deep interpretation and symbolism. Her poem narrates the story of a dead man laying on the ground that looks as if the Grass divides as with a comb- (line 5). He (meaning the dead man) likes Boggy Acre/ A Floor too cool for Corn- (lines 9-10). Notice as she uses the word likes as if the dead man still lived or had feelings towards theShow MoreRelated Dickinson vs Whitman Essay611 Words   |  3 PagesDickinson vs Whitman Two Poets, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson are probably two of the most influential people in American poetry. They are regarded as the founders modern American poetry. Walt Whitman (1819-1892), for the time was breaking new ground with his diverse, energetic verse with regards to subject matter, form and style whether talking about overlooked objects in nature such as a single blade of grass or even our own hearing. Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) while living a life ofRead More Dickinson Vs. Whitman Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pages Dickinson vs. Whitman After receiving five years of schooling, Walt Whitman spent four years learning the printing trade; Emily Dickinson returned home after receiving schooling to be with her family and never really had a job. Walt Whitman spent most of his time observing people and New York City. Dickinson rarely left her house and she didnt associate with many people other than her family. In this essay I will be comparing Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman. Emily Dickinsons life differs greatlyRead MoreThe Language of Protest in Shakespeare, Blake, Whitman, Dickinson, Frost, and Rich: Exterior vs. Interior Life1073 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿The language of protest in Shakespeare, Blake, Whitman, Dickinson, Frost, and Rich: Exterior versus interior life William Shakespeares Hamlet, on its surface, is a play about a man avenging the death of his father. However, Shakespeare invests the play with a meaning that transcends its plot, despite the fact that it is a performed poetic drama. Even before he learns that his father was murdered, Hamlet is presented to the audience as a man who is depressed and angry at the world. Tis notRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Whitman s I Hear America Poem1314 Words   |  6 Pagesnot so much. We rewrote the Declaration of Independence, Walt Whitman s I Hear America poem, and argumentative essays, like out The Raven analysis. We also gave speeches– that was the hardest for me, in my previous English classes, none of them made me go in front of the class and present–, made infograph, and even a multigenre project. We also can’t forget the books we’ve read in class, like poems from Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, Edgar Allan Poe, and novels from F. Scott Fitzgerald, and we can†™tRead MoreHistory Now1070 Words   |  5 PagesDue Date Tasks Friday, 2/3/2012 Begin Unit: Loyalty and Betrayal, Section A, Order and Chaos Order and Chaos: Introduction Section Warm-Up: Product Loyalty Loyalty vs. Betrayal Literary Elements: Symbolism Tutorial: Symbols and Symbolism Reading 1: Two Kinds, by Amy Tan Practice: Symbolism Loyalty and Betrayal Theme Quiz, 40 points Friday, 2/10/2012 Begin Unit: Loyalty and Betrayal, Section B, Context Context: Introduction Section Warm-Up: A Context Riddle Reading 2: from CommunistsRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesRevolution(1789—1799) Romantic vs. Neoclassic (1) Neoclassicism: - reason, order, elegant wit - rationalism of enlightenment in 18th-cent. Romanticism: - passion, emotion, natural beauty - imagination, mysticism, liberalism (freedom to express personal feelings) Romantic vs. Neoclassic (2) Innovation: - subjects: common life; the supernatural; the far away and the long ago - style: common language really used by men; poetic symbolism Romantic vs. Neoclassic(3) Good poetry

12 Literary Piece Free Essays

12 Literary piece that have Influenced the World 1. The Bible or the Sacred writings: This has become the basis of Christianity originating from Palestine and Greece 2. Koran: The Muslim bible originating from Arabia 3. We will write a custom essay sample on 12 Literary Piece or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Iliad and the Odyssey: These have been the source of Myths and Legends of Greece. They were written by Homer. 4. The Mahabharata: The Longest epic of the world. It contains the history of religion in India. 5. Canterburry: it depicts the religion and customs of English in early days. This originated from England and written by Chaucer. 6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin: written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of US. This depicted the sad fate of slaves. This became the basis of democracy. 7. The Divine Comedy: (A Dante of Italy). This shows the religion and customs of early Italians. 8. El’ Cid Comedy: This shows the cultural characteristics of Spaniards and their national theory. 9. The Song of Roland: This includes the Doce Pares and Ronces Valles of France. It tells about the Golden Age of Christianity in France. 10. The Book of the Dead: This includes the cult of Osiris and the Mythology and theology of Egypt. 1. The Book of the Days: This was written by Confucius of China. This became the basis of Christian Religion. 12. One thousand and One Night of the Arabian Nights: from Arabia and Persia(Iran). It shows the ways of government of industries and of society of Arabia’s and Persians TOP 20 epics of the world 1. The Iliad by Homer (Greek) – Iliad is one of the most celebrated and well known epics of the w orld. It is believed to be written by in 9th century BC by Homer. This poem is based on the legend of Trojan war. Iliad means the tale of ilios or the tale of troy. It narrates the story of the Greek struggle to rescue Helen, from Trojans, the wrath of Achilles and subsequent destruction of Troy. 2. Mahabharata by Vyasa (Sanskrit) – Mahabharata is one of the great Indian epic compiled around 8th century BC. This epic poem has about one lakh couplets in Sanskrit and it can be considered as the longest epic poem of the world. This ancient epic deals with the rivalry between cousins – Kauravas and Pandavas – of a great ruling family of India . The armies of the two groups meet at the battleground at Kurushetra in which the Pandavas can destroy the Kauravas. The epic consists of thousands of mythical and historical stories 3. The Odyssey by Homer (Greek) – Odyssey is believed to be written in 9th century B. C by Homer the great Greek poet. It describes the exploits of the Odysseus during his homecoming after the fall of Troy. This great epic follows the Aristotelian conventions of epic poem. The poem describes the obstacles faced by Odysseus, varied tests of gods that he had undergone, his affair with nymph Calypso on the homecoming voyage, and his return to his kingdom. 4. Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto (Italian epic) Orlando Furioso is a famous epic with full of supernatural, allegorical and romantic adventures. The main theme of the epic is the war between Christians and pagans. Even though Ariosto, the writer, has depended much on the Graeco -Roman literary tradition of earlier writers for characters and incidents, it is a great epic poem due to his smooth versification and technical facility which make the poem vigorous and brilliant, with ironic and humorous contrasts. 5. Ramayana by Valmiki (Sanskrit) – Ramayana is a great Indian epic poem written in 5th century BC. It is the oldest and most popular epic of Indian sub continent, believed to be written by Valmiki. It is written in Sanskrit, one of the earliest Indo – European languages, and has around 2400 couplets in seven sections. Ramayana means â€Å"the journey of Rama†. It depicts the conflict between Rama, the incarnation of God Vishnu, and Ravana who can be taken as the representative of evil forces and the final victory of the God incarnated Rama in safeguarding the Dharma (Universal moral order). 6. The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri (Italian epic) Divine Comedy is a celebrated epic poem written by Dante in 14th century. The narrator is lost in a forest. The poet narrator meets Virgil who guides him through the world after death. Virgil takes him through Hell. They go through the base of the purgatory and he can see the terraces of it where the sins of those who are ultimately to be saved are cleansed away. Then Beatrice guides him to the ultimate heaven. The poem ends w ith his moment of illumination and the vision of trinity. 7. Beowulf Anonymous (Old English) – Beowulf, one of the earliest epic of the world, is based on a Scandinavian legend. It was written around 750 AD by an anonymous writer and it has about 3000 lines. Beowulf, the great warrior hero, saves Horthgar, the king of Danes, from the attack of Grendel, a terrible monster, by killing it. Grendel’s mother attacks him to avenge the death of his son. In the fight, Beowulf kills the mother – monster also, but he gets a mortal wound in the fight and succumbs to it. This epic, the most celebrated survival from Old English  literature, is also the earliest extant poem in a modern European language. 8. Paradise Lost by John Milton (English) Paradise Lost is one of the greatest English literary epic based on the theme of fall of man given in the old Testament and it was written in 17th century by John Milton. The great poet wrote it † to justify the ways of god to man†. The epic poem begins with the the Satan’s devilish plans to to take revenge against god for his expulsion from heaven. Some critics has opined that Milton’s Sa tan is the hero of the epic poem due to the excellent depiction and exposition of that character. This epic is celebrated for Milton’s grand style, his interpretation of Biblical myth and Christian doctrine. . Shahname by Firdousi (Persian) – Shah Name is great Persian epic based on the historical and mythical accounts of around fifty Persian kings. Shah Name means â€Å"book of kings†. The epic begins the mythical creation of Persia and ends in the narration of the stories of historical kings. The most famous story of Shah Name is about the legendary king of Rostam and Sohrab, his son. 10. Aeneid by Virgil (Latin) – Aeneid is a great epic which is based on the legend of Aeneas. It is Roman nationalistic and patriotic poem which narrates the evolution of great Roman mpire. This poem shows great dramatic skill of high order and power of description. Aeneas decides to establish a secure kingdom for his people in Italy. During the long and perilous voyage fo r it their ships are wreaked on the coast of Africa. The Dido of Carthage invites them which prolongs their voyage. In the next voyage, they reach Latinum, ruled by Latinus. Aeneas marries his daughter Lavinia after killing Turanus, another suitor of her. He establishes a city of lavinium which becomes a base for great Roman empire later. 11. Theogony (Greek mythology) Theogony is a Greek epic poem which describe the mythical cosmogony. It can be used as a sorce book of Greek myhology which tells about the origin of cosmos and it evolution. 12. The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser – The Faerie Queene is considered as the first epic poem in modern English literature. This allegoric poem is arranged as a story for a twelve day feast, held by the queen of the fairyland. It is a national epic of England aimed at glorifying Queen Elizabeth. 13. The Epic of Gilgamesh – The epic of Gilgamesh is one of the earliest epic poem of the world. It tells the story of Gilgamesh, the ruler of Uruk and his companion Enkidu whose exploits are the described. The epic is equally fascinating for the window it opened to the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian cultures. 14. Buddhacarita by Asvaghosha (Indian epic poetry ) – Buddhacharita is considered as an authoritative work on Buddha’s life. It describes the birth, early life , renunciation, and teaching of Buddha. It is written in Sanskrit and has originally 28 cantos in which only 13 have been properly preserved. 15. Pharsalia by Lucan (Roman history) The Pharsalia is a celebrated Roman epic poem based on the Battle of Pharsalus which was occurred in 48 B. C. It depicts the civil war between forces led by Julius Caesar and the forces of Pompey the Great. This historical poem is considered as one of the greatest epic poem in the Latin literature. 16. Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – The theme of this great work is man’s desire to transcend his physical limitations and his search for answers for eternal questions of mankind. 17. Raghuvamsa – Raghuvamsa describes the lives of the kings of the solar dynasty. It consists of 19 cantos. The epic chronicles the life of Rama and his ancestors. It is considered that Sanskrit epics have attained perfection in Raghuvamsa. 18. The Paradise Regained – The Paradise Regained is an epic poem from the master writer John Milton. It is not a sequel to Paradise Lost. The theme is the story of three temptations as revealed in the gospel of St. Luke. This epic is composed at the suggestion of Thomas Edward. 19. Don Juan – Don Juan is a the most effective and vigorous satire in the English literature. This poem reviews the social , political and economic condition of the Europe. It is a a kind of picturesque novel written in verse. The hero, don Juan ,wanders from one place to another and records his six adventures. Don Juan has visited Greece, Turkey, Russia, and England. 20. The Tale of Heiku – This is one of the most renounced Japanese epic poem based on the Buddhist law of impermanence. It tells the feud between two Japanese clans with elements of traditional folk narrative. Taira and Minemoto are the two clans mentioned in this great classic of medieval Japanese literature. How to cite 12 Literary Piece, Essay examples

Sample Essay on Employing Virtual Teams

Virtual Teams Engagement of geographically dispersed workers in a virtual team format is filled with merits and demerits. The developments in technologies have assisted the team building process through the computer mediated communication also known as the CMC (Dietz-Uhler Clark, 2001). The foremost advantage of this medium is the rapid reduction of costs and the depletion of the differences that can occur in a real team due to power. The studies from Bergiel et al., (2008) have saved the organization upto $ 50 million. The use of virtual teams according to some workers is more motivating and enjoyable (Nowak, 2003). The expertise of the workers can be harnessed using the virtual teams and members. Although there are numerous benefits of virtual teams, it has been noted that there are some disadvantages as well in using a virtual team model. Lind (1999) criticized virtual teams for the time they consume in scheduling a task. There are other barriers that are due to the time zone changes. The problems like video conferencing or messaging is sometimes difficult as the team members are located in various regions. The training needs of the members and improving their effectiveness becomes a challenge for the managers. The problems associated with trust are higher in case of the team that is virtual as the individuals located at different places are not sure about the intentions of each other (Cascio, 2000). Storper Venables (2004) mention that the role of the manager should be to build effective communication channel that can increase the bonding between the team. This can be done by the manager in the form of making certain rules in regards to being in touch through a particular channel, and pre deciding about the frequency of communication. References Bergiel, B J, Bergiel, E B, Balsmeier, P W 2008, Nature of virtual teams: A summary of their advantages and disadvantages, Management Research News, 31(2), 99-110. Cascio, W F 2000, Managing a virtual workplace, Academy of Management Executive, 14(3), 81-90. Dietz-Uhler, B, Bishop-Clark, C 2001, The use of computer-mediated communication to enhance subsequent face-to-face discussions, Computers in Human Behavior, 17, 269-283. Lind, M R 1999, The gender impact of temporary virtual work groups, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 42(4), 276. Nowak, K L 2003, Sex categorization in computer mediated communication (CMC): Exploring the utopian promise, Media Psychology, 5(1), 83-103. Storper, M, Venables, A J 2004, Buzz: Face-to-face contact and the urban economy, Journal of Economic Geography, 4, 351-370.

PJ Smoothies Essay Example

PJ Smoothies Essay In the world of business we live in today, marketing has a crucial role. In the previous days, back in the first days of the industrial revolution, entrepreneurs believed that it only production that was important. All resources are dedicated to increase the capacity for producing good and services with little worries of whether the products were going to get sold. This sentiment lasted for decades because people in the past were still craving at the marvel of technology and mass production, which entrepreneurs have little care of the amount they produce, because generally, no matter how much they produce, the society absorbs.Of course, this is nothing like the present day. Today, mass production and technological advancements have become natural parts of people’s lives. There is no sense in producing without considering how much the market would be willing to absorb. There are times when people are easier to influence using many kinds of marketing efforts and ‘tricksâ⠂¬â„¢. However, people of the day have seemed to go pass that stage. Marketing jargons and propaganda can no longer dictate what people want. Consumes are more critical and selective. Today, marketers must be sensitive of where the market’s interest are growing today, and act upon it.Today, marketing should be the guide of any production decision. Moreover, marketing should be involved in almost all stages of product design and even pricing. This is important because in the end, only marketers have the most vivid idea of what consumers want and how much they will pay to obtain it. This concept is well known and there are many companies turn into market-based companies. However, there are those that get tangled-up in the complexity of their own businesses and deviate from their existing market niches.Within this paper, I will discuss the marketing strategy that is appropriate for smoothies, the new trend of drinking in United Kingdom. The paper will contain suggestions of stra tegic position and the appropriate marketing mix to support that strategic position.II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Product and Corporate BackgroundII.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Product BackgroundSmoothies are the new trend of drinks in United Kingdom. In simple definition it is a fruit drink. Some may refer to it as a fruit juice, but PJ refer to them as crushed fruit. There is a rather different understanding regarding the two definitions. The first is smoothies made of juiced fruit, which has more of a juice-flavor and nutrient contents. On the other hand PJ smoothies are made out of concentrated fruit juice, which is closer to the ‘crushed fruit’ definition and sets the differences between ordinary juice and smoothies. Other characteristics that created differences between smoothies and juices are that smoothies uses yogurt as a mixed ingredients along with the various fruits (‘Pulp Friction’, 2004).The drink became popula r because it has a recreational sense within it and it is in line with the health sentiment to have at least five portions of fruit and vegetables daily. Nevertheless, there are also analysts who stated that PJ Smoothies are rich with natural sugar and has a low proportion of fiber. In other words, other supplements of fruity vitamins are still necessary despite having a bottle of PJ Smoothies a day. The inventor, Harry Cragoe, stated in his defense that the drink is not meant to be an exclusive and expensive health drink, but rather an affordable healthy drink.As mentioned previously, the trend of Starbucks have gained new competition as the society looks for a healthier ‘fun’ in their drinking habit. The product has been around for a long time in the United States, but has recently been popular in United Kingdom. The UK smoothies market was created no longer than 12 years ago in 1994, when Harry Cragoe decided to import the products to UK markets because he was surpri sed not to find this delicious treat anywhere in UK. He had to sell his flat as a part of financing the business at first. Afterwards, in 1998 the company purchased a former bottling facility in an industrial estate in Newark, and began to make smoothies in the United Kingdom (‘How to Make’, 2004).The smoothies industry has developed from zero to a  £ 33 million business in just 10 years. PJ are still the market leader in respect of volumes in 2002, but sometimes, their tight competitors, Innocence, took over for several months. The competition is tight as both has controlling shares of the UK smoothies market (about 40% each)II.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Corporate Background ‘Pete and Johny Smoothies’In its first years of production, the company gained tremendous profit because of the lack of competition. However, after the year 2000, the prices have come down to a competitive level, leaving the company with decreasing profitability. The decreasing profitabil ity continued as competition gets tighter with Innocence. By 2003, the company already reported losses instead of profits, despite its increase in sales number (John, 2005).In early 2005, the company sells itself in efforts of gaining capital to repair and develop the business. The buyer was Pepsi, who has similar market segment with the brand named Tropicana and Copella. Many considered this as a good step to restructures and further develop the business. Nevertheless, Innocent was pessimistic toward the deal. They doubt if the combination could help enhance a business with such a low profit margin (John, 2005). However, they are also taking the positive side that the deal would help the UK smoothies market to grow (‘PJ Smoothies Sells’, 2005). After the purchase, Pepsi sent its representative to help develop the product personality of the brand (‘Landor’, 2006).III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strategic Positioning SuggestionsIn or der to provide this paper with a more analytical structure, I am using the Porter’s five forces analysis and the SWOT analysis to help develop a deeper understanding of the smoothies industry and what competitive advantages doe PJ Smoothies have. The results of this analysis are suggestions of what PJ Smoothies should do or should be aware of in the near future. The final suggestion will be made in the four Ps marketing mix form.III.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Porter’s Five Forces AnalysisIII.1.1. RivalryAs revealed previously, the company –which has been a separate company owned by Pepsi- currently in tight competition with Innocent, its only worthy rival. The UK Smoothies industry has a highly concentrated market with only two large companies holding up to 80 % of the entire market share. However, the competition between these two is tight. In early years, PJ, who had the first start, led the way by 70% of the market. However, the last development reveals that the company i s losing in terms of market share to Innocent. The latest available information revealed that innocent now has 46% of the market, while Smoothies has only 33%.I believe that rivalry is the most important factor that will influence the condition of PJ Smoothies in years to come. Although some stated that harsh competition might scare away customers, but acknowledging the threat is necessary nonetheless. Competition should not be sees as a way to knock each other down; rather it is a way of learning from each other. I believe that PJ Smoothies have a lot to learn from this competitive atmosphere.III.1.2. Threats of SubstitutesSubstitutes are products of another industry or from the smoothies industry itself that consumers could use as a replacement of the original smoothies. The substitutes generally have lower level of quality and smaller cost structure that allow cheaper prices. However, it might not contain all the nutrients that are offered by the original smoothies. Regarding the smoothies’ product, substitutes come from fruit juice drinks products.The low cost of production allows just about anyone to produce fruit juice by themselves. The threat of substitutes does not necessarily come from companies of PJ’s scale. Rather, a small-scale stores or restaurant that sold good blend of fruit juice could take away market share from the company. There are many shops in UK that provided such fruit juice, and they have daily basis customers. In respect of this condition, it is largely necessary to differentiate the product in prices and flavors. I believe distinctive flavors and product personality are crucial for PJ Smoothies to gain a place in the market.III.1.3. Buyer PowerThis factor represents the threat that comes from consumers that overpowers producers. In some industries, due to the small amount or concentrated consumers, they posses a strong influence to the producers. Regarding the smoothies product however, such threats do not exist becau se consumers are from various level of social and economic stature. They are many and fragmented in nature. There is no sense in thinking that customers would integrate themselves and pose as a new threat to PJ Smoothies.III.1.4. Supplier PowerSupplier powers are the extent of influence possessed by providers of materials and equipment of the company’s production facility. They would have considerable influence if they are small or concentrated in number, or the materials are unique in nature. This factor also hold no threat toward the company. The business has simple ingredients structure and there are many providers. The type of tools and equipment necessary to produce also has numerous providers in such market as the United Kingdom. Thus, the supplier holds little influence.III.1.5 Barriers to EntryThis factor, on the other hand, has significant influence in the business. There are considerably small factors that could prevent anyone form entering the industry. The cost of capital to start the business is comparatively small and there are no restrictions form the government or patents that pose as a significant barrier. Technological issues pose some but insufficient barrier to keep competitors away. In other words, there is little reason to think that competitions would not appear out of nowhere and take portions of the market share. If PJ smoothies prefer a room for growth in the UK markets for the future, it must move fast to create a brand that has the capacity to obtain stronger consumer basis in most of the markets in UK.III.2  Ã‚  Ã‚   SWOT AnalysisIII.2.1 StrengthsOne of the strengths of the product came from the fact that there are few, or even non of similar products in United Kingdom. However, this advantage has passed away as innocent enters the market. Furthermore, due to the lack of notable barriers to enter the business, there is no reason to rely on the non-existence of competition. Other strength of the company is its place as the original smoothie maker in United Kingdom. PJ brings the product to the country and redesign them in its Newark production facility.The most powerful competitive advantage of the product is its promotion toward healthy living. The product is a way of creating joyful as well as healthy lives at the same time. In the middle of a society, that has grown great consciousness toward health and a healthy life, the product has found a good place in people’s heart. The company has taken advantage of this fact by inserting the health image into the product personality designIII.2.2 WeaknessesOne of the weaknesses of the product is related to its strength. The drink is fill with natural ingredients. Harry Cragoe, the inventor, is proud of the fact that the drink does not have any preservatives as a part of its ingredients. However, fresh fruit means shorter life span, and shorter life span could only lead to shorter shelf time. The company should have rather precise market estimation be cause a short estimation will cause customers to loose trust over the product and a long estimation will cause the products to be unproductive expenses.Other type of weakness that I would like to underline is the weak differentiation strategy of the product. As mentioned previously, the product would receive considerable competition from its surrounding environment and the only way to face such threat is by developing a strong differentiation strategy. The product must be distinctive and deliver unparalleled value to consumers (Doyle, 2000).Currently, the strategy of the company is not to be an elitist drink. In a way, the company directed its product to foster simplicity that would create the image of everyone’s drink. Concerning the importance of having a differentiation strategy as mentioned above, this simplicity image is not a good idea at all. People would see it as another drink in the market and they will go for competitor’s product who manages to deliver a hig h class and attractive image with competitive prices.The third weakness is the fact that the industry seem to have a very low selling price and a considerably high cost structure. The profit margin within the business has apparently been lower than expected. This could pose as a great threat as the product expands to larger volume of production.III.2.3 OpportunitiesOpportunities for the company come from its reputation and its new market all around the United Kingdom. Articles of various newspaper stated that smoothies is the new trend after Starbucks. This type of publication will keep people curious of how the product really taste. If the company manages to provide new consumers with quality that fulfill their expectations, the company will gain new daily customer as a result.The second opportunity is the children market. There is a great chance that the product will receive a good welcome by the children market because of its healthy traits. Parents would be glad to give their ch ildren a healthier drink compare to soft drinks or any other lack-of-nutrition drinks. However, this would only work if the company is able to insert some element within the product personality that is appealing to children. The sense of fun, friendly and cheerful in the products is important to obtain such achievement.III.2.4 ThreatsOne of the most apparent threats seems to attack the strength of the product itself. Some analysts claim that PJ smoothies have a high content of natural sugar and low fiber, which means that the health-promoting role is not as dominant as the company might want. The second threat comes from competitors like Innocent. If the company fails to deliver the right product image and make a worthy distinction out of itself, there is little chance that PJ will be able to maintain its 30% share of the smoothies market.IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Marketing MixIn spite of the various factors of strategic positioning mentioned above, marketing decision eventually comes down to four types of decisions. They are called the marketing mix. They are tools to help marketers implement their strategic considerations into more actionable forms (Borden, 1994. Lauterborn, 1990). It is considered the final step of designing a marketing plan. In this paper, these four aspects of marketing strategy are the outcomes of the considerations mentioned in previous chapters.IV.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   ProductThere are several aspects of the product’s characteristics. The first is the name. Pete and Johny are not real names. They are fictional character created by Harry Cragoe to create the image of simplicity toward the product. He wanted the product to provide the sense of closeness to its consumers, away from exclusiveness and anything that will cause consumer to feel not at home. Prior to the buyout with Pepsi, the packaging and styling of the product is designed with similar intention. It was design to be simple and away from any i mage of an elitist drink.In a review of the competition between PJ and Innocent, Innocent stated that instead of mixing yogurt with pure fruit juice, PJ mixed concentrated juice as the primary ingredients. Many considered this would reduce the flavor of the drink, but Harry Cragoe said that it suit his statement that he is selling crushed fruit instead of fruit juice. This unpopular choice is also a part of Cragoe’s plan to maintain a certain image simplicity of the product.As a part of my conclusion within this paper, I believe that the simplicity and the ‘drink for all’ image is not working as good as Harry Cragoe might have expected. As said in several magazine articles, the company never performs adequate marketing research prior to determining the product strategy. The product strategy started the moment PJ Smoothies open their producing facility in Newark. The strategy worked for several years because their competition, Innocent, has not fully developed the ir strategy yet. After Innocent revealed their ‘more exclusive’ strategy, the market seemed to turn to Innocent instead of PJ.Therefore, as a part of the new marketing strategy for PJ Smoothies after the acquisition by Tropicana, I believe that the company should design a bolder strategy. One that would involve a much more recognizable, attractive and outgoing packaging. This could also work with the new children market. The image of simplicity is unattractive and rather boring. The image should turn from simplicity to fun and popular, an image that make people see PJ Smoothies as what the newspapers said about them these days, the new drinking trend that replaced Starbucks.IV.2  Ã‚  Ã‚   PriceAs mentioned previously, the product seemed to have a much smaller profit margin than expected. The profit margin stumbles as a result of the tight competition with Innocent. Harry Cragoe stated that the company was trying to deliver consumers with the drink-for-all smoothies. T his unavoidably means cheaper prices as well. Nevertheless, in spite of having cheaper prices than Innocent has, the competitor still took away market leadership by 2003. This revealed the fact that price was not the sole factor that contributes to sales number.As a part of the new and bolder strategy, I believe that the company should focus on changing the image of the product first. If the change is performed with adequate marketing research and consumer behavior considerations then the price of PJ Smoothies will rise along with market share (Culliton 1968).IV.3  Ã‚  Ã‚   PromotionDue to the new nature of the product and the wide range of ‘untouch’ market available, promotion has a crucial role in the development of PJ Smoothies, especially to target the upcoming children market. By experience, the most effective method to introduce such product is by giving free trials to people. Beside free sales promotions, aggressive marketing using billboards and advertisements is also important to keep the product in people’s mind (Frey, 1961).IV.4  Ã‚  Ã‚   PlacementSince there are many people in Britain that have not had a taste of PJ Smoothies, the product has a wide range of area to cover. Moreover, as stated previously, it is important to develop presence in most market of the United Kingdom to ensure brad loyalty and make it easier for future expansion of the brand. The company has only 25 days of shelf time, which demanded a quick delivery system to prevent deterioration. The product also need to be frozen in delivery, thus, the delivery system will cost the company a little more than other companies.To safe money and shelf time, the product should be delivered directly from the Newark factory to retailer’s stores rather than converging them into distribution warehouses in each area. Therefore, transportation is an important element of PJ Smoothies’ distribution system. There are two choices of distribution model. A private distribution model, which requires the company to have its own delivery fleet, and an outsourcing distribution model, which involves external transportation services in delivering the products. In a small scale, outsourcing would be a preferable distribution strategy. However, after the merger with Pepsi, the smoothies segment would most likely collaborate with distribution system of other Pepsi brands (Klinger, 2005).

The Analyses of three African films with reference to Ubuntu

The Analyses of three African films with reference to Ubuntu Free Online Research Papers ‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’ (2002) In Zola Maseko’s ‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’ (2002) with reference to the ‘Life and Times of Sarah Baartman’ (1998), it is communicated that Sarah Baartman was a Khoi Khios and her people were South Africa’s indigenous first nation who had been slaughtered in the colonial hunting raid. It is conveyed that her family was separated, her community destroyed and she was shipped of the London in 1810 in which at that time, the English were obsessed with human curiosities considered as freaks and fair ground attractions. Hendrik Caesar dubbed her the ‘Hottentot Venus’ where she was exhibited at Piccadilly Circus and was one of the popular freak show attractions. The popularity of Sarah’s exhibition was fuelled by the European imagination and morbid fascination with the mythical anatomy of the Khoi people. It is said that she spent five years in London where her exhibition sparked controversy and outrage and after much publicised court case she left London for Paris for a second round of public display. Her display in Paris caught the attention of leading French scientist among them George Kuveur and Napolean Surgeon. Kuveur made up observations about her as a scientific specimen and compared her to an ape, viewing her – and her tribe – as the missing link between ‘Man’ and ‘Animal’. After her life and death, her brain and genitals were bottled and Sarah became a symbol of black woman sexuality in the 19th century in Europe. Kuveur’s experimentation on Sarah Baartman elevated his statues as a scientist and so Sarah’s remains become part of France’s heritage. In a room, many human skulls are seen, boxed together with markings penned on them. At this time it was believed that brain size was related to intelligence, but was soon disputed. Bernard Chevassus-au-Louis, President Museum National D’Histoire states; â€Å"This idea has been disputed in Europe. Example, we realise that French philosopher, Descartes had the same size brain as Sarah Baartman’s† (‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’ [2002]) Sarah was used for scientific research and a product of materialism. Materialism being â€Å"the idea that everything is either made only of matter or is ultimately dependent upon matter for its existence and nature† to a large degree rejecting the existence of spirit or anything non-physical. (http://atheism.about.com/od/philosophyschoolssystems/p/materialism.htm). Shutte states that the African way of looking at humanity is not materialist, in that a human being is not just an object to be understood by science and controlled by technology. That the African conception of humanity sees both spirit and matter as aspects of a more fundamental force or energy that is continually producing and developing persons throughout their lives, from birth to death. (Shutte, 2001: 8). After the dawn of democracy in South Africa in 1994 the Khoi Khios people began to pressure the new government to reclaim Sarah Baartman’s remains from the French. In Spring 2002 a delegation of ten South Africans arrived to reclaim her. Diana Ferrus a Poet and Cultural Activist was among them. She wrote and dedicated her poem ‘I’ve Come to Take You Home’ to Sarah Baartman. For many South Africans, Sarah was away from her space of Ubuntu – her community and humanity. Diana Ferrus states; â€Å"She wanted to go home so much. Longing for home..[a]nd if I was home and longed for my mother how much more did she long for her mother and her land. Sister you got to feel the pain that your ancestor felt.† (‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’ [2002]) It is outlined in the documentary that little was known about Sarah’s impressions of Europe but with a rare interview with a French journalist, Sarah’s longing for her homeland and her people was clear. Diana Ferrus’s poem to Sara, found and translated by Anne-Sophie sent the translated poem to the Senator Nicolas About, who asked government when they were going to return Sarah’s mortal remains to South Africa. He says, the government replied saying ‘Never! We will not give Saartjie Baartman back. She is part of our French heritage. She is of scientific importance. We are going to keep the skeleton. We are not going to give it back. Only a rule of law could force us to return her’. Seeing that a rule of law was needed, Nicolas brought in a bill. He says, â€Å"I wanted to give this proposal a special dimension on a spiritual human point of view† (Maseko, 2002). â€Å"You have the remains of a woman who was unhappy and desperate. Why do you keep her? Let her go rest in peace.† (‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’ [2002]) Nicolas states that it is the first time in French history that a poem had been used in proposal for a Bill. The Bill was greatly appreciated and the Senators were moved. In this scene, it is evident that a shift from a scientific to a spiritual perspective had to take place in necessity for a rule to be introduced to take Sarah back to her home country. Shutte asserts that it is by belonging to a community that we become ourselves. That the community is not opposed to the individual, nor does it swallow the individual up, but enables the individual to become a unique centre of shared life. Shutte states that Ubuntu â€Å"was contained in stories and poems, recited at communal celebrations, told by parents to children. It was expressed in customs and in institutions and in a whole way of life.† Furthermore, that Ubuntu embodied a fundamental truth about humanity that had been forgotten in Africa’s time, and was truth not merely African but universal. Sarah was a victim of racism, sexism and colonialism. The French then past the legislation to allow the remains to be returned to South Africa. In her email, Anne-Sophie writes to Diana saying â€Å"Today I am proud to be the French. Taking care of Saartjie till she returns home’, having being affected by Diana Ferrus’s poem which was expressed on the level of Ubuntu – humanity. Yvette Abrahams from the Institution for Historical Research, UWC, states the following in her struggle for Sarah Baartman’s return; â€Å"Succeeding in this struggle gives me the confidence in our capacity to be able to change the world in the way we want it. It’s a beautiful place to be in† (‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’ [2002]) In retrospect to indigenous African family system, Sarah’s burial highlights the important principals and spiritual values, of Ubuntu and African traditions. For the Khoi Khios and a descendent thereof, the speaker in the documentary explains the importance of honouring and lying, Sarah’s, their ancestor’s soul to rest. She declares; â€Å"I don’t think people realise the magnitude of the presence of a spirit. Like this morning when we were in the private ceremony you could actually feel the presence of a spirit. Ever since Sarah Baartman has returned to South African soil, many things have have happened among the Khoisan people, and I believe that Sarah’s spirit has definitely contributed to it’. (‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’ [2002]) This highlights that if people work together for a common course, in this instance to bring reconciliation and restore the dignity of another immaterial of race or ethnicity, people can achieve much. It is a lesson that people should work together, in the spirit of Ubuntu, to influence societal management, achievement, celebration and reconciliation. ‘Headhunting’ (2001) The purpose of Martin Baer documentary ‘Headhunting’ (2001) is the search of the Sultan Mkwawa’s skull, the great-grand father of Ishaka Mkwawa, who is also a narrator in the documentary. The history of the Sultan Mkwawa entails the great resistance of the German invasion in the 1880’s by the Wahehe people led by their chief Sultan Mkwawa. After a long wrestling period with the Germans, in 1898 Chief Mkwawa shot himself, after seeing he could not fight anymore, where the Germans found his dead body, cut of his head and send it to Berlin. Is-Haka Mkwawa learned about his homeland in elementary school. He had no idea that his great-grandfather had been on the East Africa’s most powerful rulers. This history began when Carl Peters went to East Africa on behalf of Germany’s colonial society in order to, as he said, â€Å"establish an empire to suit my own taste† (Headhunting’ (2001)). Peter had the chiefs, or the presumed chiefs sign ‘protection’ contracts. The colonial society proudly informed imperial chancellor Bismark that the Africans had signed over 140 000 sq kilometres of land. Peter described his method such: â€Å"It is the same story everywhere. After brief resistance, the Wagogo’s scattered. Torches hurled into the huts and by 4:30, 12 villages had burned down. I’ll remain here as long as just one of you is still alive. As long as one village still exists and one cow can be carried off†. (Headhunting’ (2001)) Bismark coined the contracts signed as â€Å"paper with a few Negro crosses†. The natives revolted for the first time against signing contracts. The East African colonial policy soon consisted of fighting, hunting down rebels and punitive expeditions. They called it â€Å"pacification† or â€Å"a peace plan† (Headhunting’ (2001)). The colony rulers employed African mercenaries in partaking many of them from Mozambique and Sudan and were called â€Å"Ascaris†. Bismark told the commander of the mercenary force Wisomany â€Å"You only have one order: Victory!† and Wsiomany’s Ascaris were said to be victorious. The documentary mentions that the Arabs settled on the coast centuries before the German’s cam. The Arabs were respected for their religion, but were not admired for their slave trade, just as the European rulers were not admired. They were both seen as unacceptable by the Africans, as these Arabs and Europeans used v iolence for what they wanted. When it comes to Ubuntu, Battle explains that Ubuntu has little to do with Western humanism which situates truth in the individual’s capacity for reason and self-determination. He states that in contrast, the African concept of Ubuntu emphasises the community as defining the person. That the logical implication of Ubuntu and African conceptualizations of community, especially for Westerners, would be that individuals have no existence apart from their relations with other persons. Gabriel Setiloane, an African theologian notes and â€Å"believes that humanity is irreducibly psychophysical – body-and-soul. In such a cultural understanding to attack the body is to attack the soul in its culture (Daily Despatch, December 11, 1984). The Germans hunted and collected all kinds of trophies: tusks, furs, souvenir snapshots and Chief Mkwawa’s head. They measured, photographed and made recordings of events. It is remarked in the docu mentary that Chief Mkwawa sent a negotiator to the Germans, but the German commander Zelewski believed in â€Å"ruthless treatement† of the â€Å"thieving† and â€Å"insolent† Wahehe. The Wahehe’s retaliatory attack surprised the Germans. August 17, 1891, is the calendar mark where the German troops suffered the worst defeat at the hands of the East African’s. Augustine Shutte notes the following: â€Å"We must overcome conflict and opposition in society if we are to avoid psychological conflicts in individuals† (Shutte, 2001: 24) Shutte refers to Lawrence Apostle statement who says that African socialism rejects both European socialism and Western capitalism as both could (and the second necessarily must) produce a relationship between man and object. That is one of person with thing (not a meeting of forces) and because both cold produce a society in which the individual is alienated from others. He underlines that it is not the will of the majority but the will of the community that should be realised. The concept of Ubuntu observes an understanding of what it is to be human and what it is essential for human beings to develop, mature and find achievement. In the event when the German governor ordered that Chief Mkwawa’s ivory and his cattle be taken away, and when German soldiers took 1, 500 women and children prisoner, they were breaking up the community and its Ubuntu culture and spirit, their sense of community. Battle emphasises that to cause bloodshed is not only to injure a person’ s body-soul but also to damage the community’s seriti (personality), which he says results in a weakened society. For Chief Mkwawa, like Sarah Baartman, the conflict with the Germans had been a damage to his seriti and to those of his tribe. The documentary aims to show that the search and return of Chief Mkwawa’s skull, like in ‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’, can be seen as a means of bringing restoration and reconciliation of the seriti. When Chief Mkwawa’s skull is ultimately taken back to its homeland, a few community members celebrate the coming of his skull. Battle asserts: â€Å"Blood and seriti are connected in such a way that human virtue is passed on from generation to generation. Therefore African rituals need to be conducted to restore the constant damage done to person’s seriti so that injured individuals do not pass weakened seriti onto the whole community† (Battle, 1997: 51) The homecoming of the Chief Mkwawa’s skull to its native soil, as in ‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’ underscores the importance of people working together for a common goal. Different persons, Is-haka Mkwawa and Martin Baer, from Tanzania and Germany respectively working jointly in the search and finding of Chief Mkwawa’s skull at least it is so perceived. Bringing reconciliation and the restoration of dignity, through Ubuntu to not only Chief Mkwawa’s should, as perceived in African traditions, but also to the people of Tanzania, restoring the dignity of another regardless of race or ethnicity. Through the ethic of Ubuntu, showing and giving humanity is a tool for societal management, brings achievements, reconciliation and celebration to the community. Hyenas (1992) â€Å"The saddest thing is that while Africans – both young and old – are sinking lower and deeper, burying themselves in the European tradition, language and mannerisms, and are oppressing and degrading their own kind, no one questions Europeans who have been in Arica for more than 300 years, and who still hold tenaciously to their European tradition. Yet they continue with the support of the Africans themselves, to devaluate and denigrate African languages, cultures and names. (Goduka, 1999:8) This film gives a view of a people who do not have a complete shared vision of the ethic of Ubuntu and highlights the disadvantages thereof. It concerns a woman by the name of Linguere Ramatou who, out of humiliation left her town thirty years ago, returns to her home town to revenge a man, Draman Drameh, but more distinctively the governing system of Colobane town and its tribal traditions with Western traditions. In preparation for her return, the town councillors gather to discuss her arrival and plan an evoking welcoming speech for in order that she can assist with the economy’s financial enhancement, as they say â€Å"she’s richer then the World Bank† (Hyenas (1992). As they plan the speech, they decide to incorporate words such as her â€Å"Love of justice† and â€Å"Sense of generosity†, to appeal emotionally to her, even though they don’t know her well. This reveals that they are not sincere or honest about they’re true pe rception about her. They resort to the use of emotional appealing words for her in order that she will invest money for Colobane’s economy. Draman Drameh, a shop owner is nominated as the town’s future mayor even though it is evident that he does not own the qualifications to be a mayor. The system is therefore not only governed by men, but patriarchal; more so, lacks quality leadership and government skills. The system does not have a solid foundation of the ethic of Ubuntu. They failed to show Ramatou humanity. Ramatou returns back with a prosthetic hand and leg, she arrays complete self-confidence, authority and shows no sign of intimidation of her people. Ramatou’s response to the Mayor’s emotional speech about her character reads â€Å"Talking is good but the truth is better†. In another response she reply’s by saying â€Å"Everybody can be bought if the price is right† (Hyenas (1992). Ramatou having felt oppressed at Co lobane at her young age, perceived the governing system to be unjust, comes back to, in a sense, restore her own dignity and justify’s herself in her court hearing against Dramaan Drameh. Battle notes the following; â€Å"The oppressed could become tomorrow’s oppressor because Sin is an ever-present possibility,† Tutu declared, and because â€Å"periods of transition are by definition unstable† (Battle, 1997: 3) Ramatou came back not only to revenge, but also to govern. Revenge and govern both the life of Draman Drameh and the system of Colobane. Ubuntu philosophy embodies the concept of humanity, that a person’s development is fulfilled through personal relations with other people as â€Å"[p]ersonhood comes as a gift from other persons† (Shutte, 2001; 12). Battle clarifies that Ubuntu refers to the person who is welcoming, hospitable, warm and generous. Affirming of others and who does not feel threatened by others. It is the proper self-assurance that a person has in knowing that they belong in a greater whole and knowing that they are diminished when another is humiliated, is diminished, is tortured, is oppressed, is treated as if they were less that who they are (Battle, 1997:35). Battle makes reference to Muendanyi Mahamba who describes someone with Ubuntu as someone who cares about the deepest needs of others and faithfully observes all social obligations. Such a person is conscious not only of personal rights but also of duties to her or his neighbour. Archbishop Desmond Tutu makes a reference to Ubuntu in his description of the African worldview: â€Å"In the African Weltanschauung, a person is not basically an Independent solitary entity. A person is human precisely in being enveloped in the community of other human beings. [†¦] To be is to participate.† (Battle 1997 39) Ubuntu needs a community of persons to function. Moreover, if people do not show Ubuntu – humanity to one another, it becomes a challenge in terms of social management (i.e. values, beliefs, traditions), social celebration and reconciliation. Ramatou states â€Å"The world made a whore out of me; I will make of it a brothel†. This statement along with her prosthetic hand and leg shows that she lacks humanness, physically and emotionally. Revenge translates justice to Ramatou. To have Ubuntu, is to have a sense of family. The film seems to communicate that Ramatou’s society seemed to have failed to have imparted this value to her successfully, as they themselves did not have a strong backbone or foundation of Ubuntu. A level of Ubuntu is noted where society members initially refuse to kill Drameh for her money, but they, with time, give in, trading at the same time, their little bit of Ubuntu ethics they had. As one of the community leaders states â€Å"D oes she [Ramatou] thinks we’re Americans, we’d kill each other†. Placing money – capitalism – above the life of a human being, which has been generally perceived as the Western and European ways of tradition, especially during the colonial period. It is evident that Ramatou lacks forgiveness, this is because she was not shown forgiveness by her society. She has no sense of high values, no sense of religion to carry her. No ancestry, completely individualist and has her own system the Western/European system which is the only system she’s got and chooses to rule with. The death of Draman Drameh, can be seen not only as the death of a human but of also as a symbol of the little humanity left in Colobane society. The Westernisation of Africans through the death of Ubuntu. CONCLUSION Ubuntu therefore implies, as expounded by Shutte that Ubuntu implies more that a non-racial, non-sexist and non-exploitive society as seen in the key characters in the (a) ‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’ (2002), ‘Headhunting’ (2001) and ‘Hyenas’ (1992). Rather, that it â€Å"a touchstone by which the quality of society has to be continually tested, no matter what ideology is reigning. [that] [I]t must be incorporated not only in the society of the future but also in the process of the struggle towards that future† (Battle 1997: 46). Tutu says that his â€Å"gaze is neither African nor European , but human† (Battle 1997: 46) and that persons are more than black or white, but human. In this way, no one would have to suffer at the expense of the other, such as in the cases of ‘The Return of Sarah Baartman’ and ‘Headhunting’. Ubuntu is the concept for the obtained quality of humanity, that which portrays the characteristic of developed persons within the community and its societal management. The most essential is the mind-set towards other persons, who see and treat other persons as an extension of themselves or as â€Å"another self† ((Battle 1997: 31). â€Å"Africans must conquer with humanism† (Goduka, 1999:37). In ‘Hyenas’, outlines that the absence of Ubuntu leads to the turmoil of imperative values, culture, traditions, etc. A society which does not have a strong back bone of Ubuntu humanity, cannot bring across a shared vision – a unified social identity, fostering good societal management, societal achievement, reconciliation and celebration well successfully. With the ethic of Ubuntu as a formation of social identity and a means to influence societal management, achievement and celebration can bring forth reconciliation in a people’s society or community. REFERENCES Battle, Michael. Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu. The Pilgrim Press, 1997 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary .2003 Maseko, Zola. The Return of Sarah Baartman’ (2002) Baer, Marting. Headhunting (2001) Diop, Djibril Hyenas (1992). Nel, Francois. Writing for the Media. University Press, 2001 Goduka, Maqhudeni Ivy. Affirming Unity In Diversity In Education. Cape Town, 1999 Shutte, Augustine. Ubuntu: An ethic for a New South Africa. Cape Town, 2001 http://atheism.about.com/od/philosophyschoolssystems/p/materialism.htm Research Papers on The Analyses of three African films with reference to UbuntuAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is ArtDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings

True and False Ranges

True and False Ranges True and False Ranges True and False Ranges By Maeve Maddox The combination fromto is often used to express a range of extremes, for example, â€Å"the prices ranged from $1 to $20.† A â€Å"true range† requires a set of objects, persons, topics, or attributes in a limited set. Here are examples of the words fromto used to express measurable ranges: McDowell Mountain Regional Park has more than 50 miles of hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding trails, ranging from easy to strenuous and ranging from 0.5 mile to 15.4 miles.   Childhood is the  age  span  ranging  from birth to adolescence. [Carpenter ants] are large ants ranging in size from one-quarter inch for a worker ant to up to three-quarters inch for a queen. The course in novel writing covered everything from outlining to publication. Birth injuries  range from mild to severe. A â€Å"false range† links disparate items that do not belong in any kind of mutual set. For example: The topics will range from current events in the world and community, to self-expression and topics chosen by the students.   The movie has everything from  comedy to love.   Free shipping on everything from handbags to jewelry [My list of favorites] has everything from Catholic High School Girls in Trouble to Zinc Oxide and You to A Fistful of Yen. Galileos offers everything from luscious wines to generous portions of your favorite Italian inspired food.   Festival has everything from a cake decorating to crocheted peanuts to jousting Such use of false ranges is ubiquitous. The usage rarely causes confusion in the reader, but it does reflect lazy thinking. Avoiding false ranges is easy. If you are not writing about the extremes of a set–like money or ages, or steps in a process–don’t use the word range or the phrase â€Å"everything fromto† Instead, use other words or expressions: The topics will encompass current events in the world and community, self-expression, and additional subjects chosen by the students.   The movie includes comedy and a love story.   Free shipping on all products. [My list of favorites] includes Catholic High School Girls in Trouble, Zinc Oxide and You, and A Fistful of Yen. Galileos offers luscious wines and generous portions of your favorite Italian-inspired food.   Festival features a variety of competitions that include cake decorating, peanut crocheting, and jousting. Note: The error of the false range is especially jarring when it contains more than two items: â€Å"[Joe’s Place] offers everything from  pizza to rack of lamb, to potato pancakes, to meatloaf.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About Numbers55 Boxing Idioms5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Sickle-cell anemia and malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sickle-cell anemia and malaria - Essay Example In other words, there are some natural selection traits that favor sickle cell-anemia allele in some individuals. Malaria occurs in the tropical zones and is caused by a protozoa transmitted by the anopheles female mosquito. As such, people from an African descent have the sickle cell anemia allele considering that heterozygotes for the allele are protected from malaria while not showing any significant characteristics of sickle-cell anemia. These people can then live to adult age and transfer these alleles to their offspring, which guarantees the transfer of the allele along the genetic line of individuals, leading to a new gene pool. Therefore, for some recessive alleles that are destructive to the recessive homozygotes, natural selection is an important process through which the heterozygotes of the recessive alleles have to survive (Sabeti, 2008). For instance, when an individual carrying the sickle cell allele is in an area where malaria is not prevalent, having the sickle cell anemia allele does not guarantee any survival advantage. As such, in countries such as United States, there are much fewer cases of sickle cell alleles compared to tropical regions such as in Africa. However, the disease is still reported among people of the African descent, though on low frequencies. This is because, the time required for the allele frequency to reduce significantly to negligible amounts has not passed. With the passage of time, the sickle cell anemia may become extinct in these areas. Application of advanced technologies would ensure individuals are in a position to make better and informed decisions on reproduction, which may help in ensuring extinction of a number of genetic diseases from passing through

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The Underlying Benefits of a College Degree Essay Example for Free

The Underlying Benefits of a College Degree Essay We can all recognize the obvious benefits of obtaining a college degree job opportunities and higher earning potential. But oftentimes we overlook or under appreciate the underlying benefits of earning a college degree. However, if you take a closer look at the hidden benefits, you will likely realize that earning a college degree is not completely about financial enrichment. Earning a degree could potentially boost your self-esteem, allow you to make healthier choices, and create a better quality of life for your children. You know the feeling you get when you finally reach your lifelong goal? Priceless, right? Thats exactly what earning a college degree can do for you. It gives you a sense of accomplishment and self confidence that everyone strives for. Not only that, but you have accomplished something that will always be yours and that you will always be able to fall back on in tough economic times. In addition to the boost of confidence, you will likely be able to make more healthy choices than you would without a degree. Generally, this is due to an increase in income which then leads to an overall greater access to healthy food options and health care. Plus, with higher education comes the desire and ability to make healthier choices such as whether or not to smoke. Finally, the greatest benefit of getting a degree is knowing that your children will have a better quality of life and may even follow in their parents footsteps and choose to further their education as well. Even if your children don’t wish to go to college, they will be more motivated to reach for their goals just as you have. In a sense, you have set the standards for them by achieving your dream of obtaining a college degree. You have given them an example to follow by setting a goal and achieving it. Although financial stability is one of the main reasons people choose to obtain a degree, there are many other benefits. You better yourself through boosted self-esteem and improved decision-making ability, which also enhances the lives of your children.

The Tale of the Pardoner in Chaucers Canterbury Tales :: Pardoners Tale

A Look at the Pardoner: the Genius of Chaucer   The Canterbury Tales is a literary masterpiece in which the brilliant author Geoffrey Chaucer sought out to accomplish various goals. Chaucer wrote his tales during the late 1300’s.   This puts him right at the beginning of the decline of the Middle Ages.   Historically, we know that a middle class was just starting to take shape at this time, due to the emerging commerce industry. Chaucer was able to see the importance and future success of the middle class, and wrote his work with them in mind.   Knowing that the middle class was not interested in lofty philosophical literature, Chaucer wrote his work as an extremely comical and entertaining piece that would be more interesting to his audience.   Also, Chaucer tried to reach the middle class by writing The Canterbury Tales in English, the language of the middle class rather than French, the language of the educated upper class.   The most impressive aspect of Chaucer’s writing is how he incorporated into his piece some of his own controversial views of society, but yet kept it very entertaining and light on the surface level.   One of the most prevalent of these ideas was his view that certain aspects of the church had become corrupt.   This idea sharply contrasted previous Middle Age thought, which excepted the church’s absolute power and goodness unquestionably.   He used corrupt church officials in his tales to illustrate to his audience that certain aspects of the church needed to be reformed.   The most intriguing of these characters was the Pardoner.   Chaucer’s satirical account of the Pardoner is written in a very matter-of-fact manner that made it even more unsettling with his audience.   Chaucer uses his straightforwardness regarding the hypocrisy of the Pardoner, suggestive physiognomy of the character, and an interesting scene at the conclusion of the Pardoner’s Tale to inculcate his views of the church to his audience. The way that Chau cer used these literary devices to subtly make his views known to an audience while hooking them with entertainment, shows that Chaucer was truly a literary genius.   The first of these devices, his straightforwardness and matter-of-factness regarding the Pardoner’s hypocrisy, is used first to appall his readers, and then to cause them to take a second look at the church in their own society.   Chaucer knew that most of his audience lacked the ability to fully understand his views, but he hoped that by using this device he could plant seeds of reason in them that would lead to reform of corruption he saw among church officials like the pardoners.

Evolution of Detective Fiction Essay

Twenty-first century detective stories are blooming with action, conflict, mystery and so on. But this is only recent development. There is a lot more to it than most people think. From a French man named Vidocq to the creation of modern detective fiction by Edgar Allan Poe, until today’s development of detective stories and its characters. So what made Poe such an important figure in detective fiction history, and in what way did his creation develop after his death? In my study I will try to answer these questions to the best of my capabilities. People started to take interest in crime stories in the early 1800, caused by their fascination and fear of crime. It was the town folks that started to romanticize criminals, as well those who stood up against them: â€Å"The first writing on urban crime pretended to be documentary, but it was filled with archetypes and plots from preceding fiction, particularly the gothic novel† (Marling 2). The detective as a figure first saw light in the early nineteenth century. Eugà ¨ne Franà §ois Vidocq who is considered to be the father of modern criminology and the first private detective wrote Memoirs of Vidocq which inspired writers like Viktor Hugo’s Les Misà ©rables and Honorà © de Balzac’s Le Pere Goriot in creating first of many detective figures based on Vidocq. Of course there were other writers, not just crime stories but novels as well, to whom Vidocq served as an inspiration. A good example to this is Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations. The main and most important difference between the earlier mentioned crime stories and Poe’s Murders in the Rue Morgue is that they didn’t construct their story/case around the detectives: â€Å"Before Poe, the early crime stories did not revolve around the individual detective â€Å"(freewebs editor 3). Crime Fiction is essentially about the solving of a crime, usually a mystery of murder. Crime Fiction texts question what it is to be human and raise questions about identity. (freewebs editor 1) When Poe created Dupin, most of his very own traits were given to the character. Since Poe himself didn’t believe in the supernatural neither did Dupin, giving him a far more realistic view of things, which I believe essentially gave the detective a big step ahead of others when solving a case. In â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue† Poe introduces three of the basic motifs of detective fiction. First is the wrongly suspected man, secondly the crime in the close d room and  finally the solution by unexpected means. It is also important to note the Dupin outsmarts the police by solving the case, which is an element that if not all but certainly most detective storie’s adopted. In The Purloined Letter the reader gets to know another favored element of the detective fiction: recovery and safe keeping of the â€Å"document(s)† needed to ensure the safety of one or more important individuals. In order to make sure Dupin succeeds in this task, Poe introduces yet again important motifs known to the detective fiction: the outsmartingdeceiving of other genius minds, the finding of the evidence in the most obvious place and the use of disguise. Although the element of disguise might not seem so evident at first reading, I am most certain that the use of the green spectacles in order to deceive D—serves as an early version of using clothing or other accessories in order to misguide another character. In the third story of Dupin, The Mystery of Marie Rogà ªt, Poe introduces the method of recreating a crime by recollecting and putting together newspaper reports of the same case. While Poe’s greatest detective fiction will be the one’s pres enting Dupin, we must take a step in taking in to notice Poe’s other two works Thou Art the Man and The Gold Bug readers are familiarized with new motifs from the repertory of detective fiction: the criminals spirit breaks and confesses when he is faced with the enormity of his crime, misguidance by following the wrong clues and the climaxing moment when that the criminal is the least likely suspected person. And of course all five stories have the common unexpected ending which was common to gothic novels in Poe’s time. We must not forget however that there were a few other detective stories in which Dupin makes his appearance even though they weren’t written by Poe. Such stories are like: The Vanished Treasure and The Fires in the Rue St. Honorà © which appeared in a collection of seven short stories by the publisher Mycroft & Moran, The Murder of Edgar Allen Poe by George Egon Hatvary, etc. The interesting fact about most of these stories in which Dupin makes an appearance is that he either meets or gets regarded as being Poe himself Just as Vidocq in his own time, Poe’s writings served as role model for the new detective fiction, but unlike Poe who introduced the reader to a new type, a reformed detective story, the new generation of writers kept and used the new motifs and elements which Poe created. None other could serve as a better example for this than the m ost widely known detective in world,  namely Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes. In my personal opinion Holmes serves as the best comparison to Dupin. They represent the perfect rivals in what I’d like to call â€Å"who’s the better detective†. In order to make my point in why Dupin is the superior I’ll point out a few of their similarities. First and most likely observed by all readers that both detectives are presented by a narrator who just happens to be their best friend. Like Dupin, Holmes uses cold logic in the solving of the cases. While today’s detectives seem to be more calm and appear to have part in way more action, Dupin and Holmes isolate themselves, they are eccentric, somewhat egoistic and they both enjoy smoking the pipe. But most importantly in their stories the focus is on the case and the solving of the puzzle rather than putting the main protagonists in the middle of the action. While few say that Holmes is a copy of Dupin, most would consider Holmes to be the perfected version of his superior. In A Study in Scarlett Holmes sidekick Dr. Watson makes a comparison between the two detectives: â€Å"Now, in my opinion, Dupin was a very inferior fellow †¦ He had some analytical genius, no doubt; but he was by no means such a phenomenon as Poe appeared to imagine.†(Doyle 24). I believe that most important trait of Dupin that separates him from the other detectives is that he wasn’t exactly a role model for the mentally stable. This of course is the effect of the loss of his inheritance. While Holmes himself wasn’t the charming kind of fellow one might choose as friend(he was addicted to cocaine, stayed up for hours walking around or playing on his violin, making smelly chemical experiments and he even fired off his gone sometimes), his bad habits were of his choosing and making so it wasn’t nearly as bad as Dupins case. Of course Holmes isn’t the only one to be created in Dupins image. Hercule Poirot created by Agatha Christie in one of the characters on which Dupin had a huge impact. In the 20th century the detective fictions have considerably changed in the way they are seen. This of course is due to the new generation. Most of the younger generation lack the imagination to fully understand and enjoy such works as The Murders In The Rue Morgue or Sherlock Holmes due to the fact that they lack action. Today’s generation is used to all the constant action and violence thanks to TV and PC games. So as these factors changed society  entertainment industries took on new elements. Since recent years haven’t produced any film adaptations about Dupin, I’ll have to stick with Sherlock Holmes. The new movie, while still being a detective story, can be easily put into the genre of action. Consider the movie to be most enjoyable despite the fact that it completely lost the book’s magic. With all its stunning visuals and extreme action scenes it is hard for me to find it anything nearly as the book. I believe that the only thing which is kept in it is Holmes himself. Holmes remained the same seemingly mad but genius and efficient detective I got to like from the book while Watson became a 19th century action hero. One must know the detective fiction motifs in order to identify them in the movie, but I assure that they are present. In conclusion, detective fiction is a genre still under development, since new elements are only starting to emerge and all is thanks to the drastic change of technology and way of thinking. But this doesn’t mean that it will surely develop in a positive way. There are way too many factors that play a part in it, however we take our part in preserving the bases of this great genre and putting our own ideas to it in while to make it even greater. But this is question only time will answer and the people who work on it.

Western Colonialism and Capitalism

A lot of negative effects caused by Western colonialism and capitalism in the third world countries that have contributed to their current political and economic crises have been discussed; however, the main objective of this presentation is to discuss the progressive role played by Western colonialism and capitalism in the third world countries when contrasted with pre-colonial period and where they were left by their colonial masters to present date. Colonialism Colonialism refers to as a system whereby a state holds sovereignty over territory and people who are outside its own boundaries. It assumes the right of one people to impose their will to others. Between nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most rich and powerful states in the European countries such as Britain did own third world colonies. Up-to-date, the legitimacy of colonialism by European countries to these third world countries has elicited a heated debate in political arena and among the moral philosophers all over the world. Colonialism is not a new phenomenon. In the past society used to expand to immediate territories and settling it own natives on the newly conquered land. Such example includes the ancient Greeks, Romans and Ottomans to mention but a few. But it is evident that colonialism was not static but evolving due to technological advancements particularly in navigation that enabled connecting to the remotest parts of the world. Invention of the fast sailing ships facilitated reaching the distant ports in other side of the world while managing to maintain closer ties between the mother land of the master colonialism and their colonial territories. Therefore, the modern European colonialism materialized when it was possible to move large number of people across the ocean and maintain political sovereignty regardless of geographical scatteredness. Many political theorists have troubled themselves in attempt to reconcile ideas about the justice and law with the practice with which European ruled over the third world countries. In nineteenth century, conflict emerged that made tension to build up between the proponents of liberal thought and colonial practice. Many of political philosophers stood to defend the principles of attainments of universalism and equity while on the other hand they were antagonistic in bid to legitimize colonialism and imperialism. They reconciled this controversy with idea that, there was a need for ‘civilization mission’ which was to be for temporal period of what they called political dependence that was vital so that to make ‘uncivilized’ societies to advance in a state of achieving sustainable liberal institutions and self government. Capitalism Capitalism refers to European practices that not only include social practices that are easily practiced over geographical and historical distances but also encompass the ‘way of thinking’. The term capitalist has been widely used in the Marxist theory which refers to means of production that are on the hands of a few and operated for making profit and that the benefits realized from the production belong to the owners of the means of production. Mercantilism was the earliest form of capitalist in the olden days that originated in the Middle East, Rome and also existed during early Middle Age. It involved distribution of goods in the transactions in such way that there is profit making. In this situation, goods were bought from one place and move to another site to be sold at relatively higher prices. Beside Romans, Arabic cultures were also known of mercantilism. They had a long history on their trade routes in their major empires. Medieval Europeans learnt learned about this type of economy from their Islamic neighbors as it has been noticed in large number of economic terms found in European languages some which are derivatives from Arabic. Gradually, mercantilism in Europe evolved into economic practices that were eventually referred to as capitalism. Capitalism employs the same principle as mercantilism that involves large scale profit realization by acquisition of goods at lower price than selling them at a profit. Capitalism is characterized by several features. First, there is accumulation of means of the production such as materials, land and tools by minority of people. This property accumulation is referred to as capital and the owners of these means of production are known as capitalists. The second characteristic of capitalism is productive labor. Human work is of great importance because it facilitates the production of goods and their distribution. This happens in form of the wage labor. The striking aspects of wage labor here is that it is not invested in the product and it is considered to be efficient in terms of productivity. Capitalism boosts individual productivity by means of division of labor whereby productive labor is divided into smallest components possible. In capitalism, the means of production and labor is manipulated by the capitalist by use of rational circulation to gain profit. On the other hand, capitalism as a way of thinking is basically individualistic. This is true because it focuses on capitalist endeavor. This bring out the Enlightenment concepts of individuality in that all the individuals are not the same; the society is composed of individual in pursuit of their own interest and that they should be free to peruse their own interests, that is ,economic freedom. Also, this concept advocates for democratic sense in that individuals perusing their own interests can guarantee the interests of the whole society. Therefore, Enlightenment idea of progress is grounded on the fact that the large-scale social goal of unregulated capitalism can produce wealth and make the national economy wealthier and more affluent than it would otherwise have not been. So, essentially, capitalism as a way of thinking is built on the concept of economic growth (Friedman & Friedman, pp5). While this may be true, capitalism has been having a close link with adverse effects of human inequality and valorization that has characterized exploitation of one or more groups by others. It has been argued that capitalist relations evoke alienation of workers from the products they make. This makes both commodities and the workers circulating commodities that circulate in the expanding market. When the laborers are considered to be interchangeable, it becomes the interest of the capitalist to give workers low wage or no wage at all. By doing this, capitalists are able to create surplus of money from their capital invested meanwhile their commodities circulate in the market. Because human beings were one of the vital commodities for success in early capitalism, enslaved workers could be shipped between the colonial territories to the help in monocropping on the large plantations. Presently, capitalist is usually understood to be a mean of system whereby the allocation of resources is by dictates of mechanism of the markets that are driven by profit motive. The advantages of the capitalism are that the government does not interfere with the business because there is limited control over it and that people have choice on what they want to do and where. Also, people are at liberty to do what they want with their money. However, this mode of economy has negative outcomes. Because the government is required to liberalize the market it has limited control over it and this can make few businesses to take monopoly which may lead to inefficiencies. In addition to this, capitalism only reward those who are fortunate to have natural scare abilities and not necessarily as result of hard work and this lead to huge inequities in income and wealth. The Progressive role of Western colonialism and capitalism in Third world Even though colonialism and capitalism had its own shortcomings, nevertheless, there is also a positive effect on balance we can talk about. Before colonialism, Africa only knew of socialism which was widely practiced among different communities. Socialism is a system that advocates for collective ownership and management of the means of production and distribution of goods. It is the opposite of capitalism which is a system hereby economy is based on private ownership of the means of production and personal profit can be realized through capital investment and employment of labor. Colonialism brought a new idea to Africa that the material progress and prosperity were possible for the masses of people. Africans in pre-colonial period did not imagine that could ever happen. They assumed that the material possessions they had were fixed. They believed in such things like plenty of the harvest could result to increase of food in the basket but the idea that living conditions could be changed was strange to them. They did not have a clue of the prospect that instead of trekking for miles in search of water it was possible to have piped water homes. Colonialism brought idea of progress in humanity. They enabled them to realize that people have capability to improve their condition of existence and that tomorrow could be much better that today (Ondeng, pp 26). Development of Infrastructure When colonialism stepped into sub-Saharan Africa three main objectives were the driving force. First objective was to meet the increasing demand of the raw materials for their industries. Second objective was to be able to secure areas and their territories that could form the market for their industrial goods produced by the capitalisms as it was are of industrial evolution. The last objective was that, they wanted to identify and dominate certain strategic areas that would be their future potential region for their investments. Therefore, as it can be seen, the main aim of capitalism expansion through colonialism was purely economic. But it was first necessary through political process of colonialism to create colonial territories to be able to achieve economic goals. Establishment of colonial territories was immediately followed by setting out diversified changes that included both social and economic among subdued societies in order to fulfill economic targets. This called for breaking down the already existed social and political system which resulted in replacement of traditional chiefdoms and kingdoms by Western European political system and consolidation of colonial state. Greater portions of fertile lands were given to settler farmers who produced non-agricultural raw materials for western industries. In order to make this kind of economy efficient, there was a dire need to establish communication infrastructure such roads, railway lines and ports so that there can be a linkage between hinterland and coastal to facilitate securing resources and human labor. In such regions only footpaths did exist that were used by human porters and animal. Most of the roads and railway network seen today in many parts of African countries speaks of a positive legacy from Western colonialism and capitalist in Africa and other third world countries. A good example of such country is Nigeria. In pre-colonial period, transport systems were limited to porterage over the land that was only utilized by animal and humans and small boats in waterways that are in southern and central Nigeria. In states of Nigeria, there were extensive trade routes in its territories which also facilitated movement of goods across the deserts to trade with North Africa and extended to the coast that involved trade with European. The roads were maintained by local leaders using hired labor or conscripted locals on the basis of the age. During this period the basic means of transport were pack animals and human porters. When British claimed Nigeria to be its colony, is started building transport network that would make efficient its ruling over this territory and make easier utilization of the resources in the region. It started with construction of the roads which was later followed by railway lines construction. This facilitated movement of good and people from one place to another as the need demanded which was critical as it helped to maintain strong economic and political ties within its territory. Since Nigeria gained independence there has been little in building new infrastructure network apart from what was established by their colonial master. This has been so because the Civilian governments had experiencing budgetary deficit and their priorities were to maintain regional divisions rather than improving transportation network and building better one in accordance modern world technology. However, while some few military governments were interested in development of better transport system, this turned to be a day dream. Therefore, post-colonial transport systems currently existing are just minimal maintenance of the infrastructure which their colonial master had set. This is a clear indication of the progressive role the Western colonialism and capitalism did play in Nigeria before they had left (Husher, para. 4-9). Suppression of barbaric practices Colonialism brought enlightenment in Africa. During pre-colonial period some African countries cannibalism and pagan worship was common practices. Practices such as cannibalism were usually restricted to specific regions particularly in West Africa. Such practices were not necessarily driven by craves for human flesh but were basically for rituals and sacrifices. The belief behind these practices of man eating were to receive imbibe magic strength that was considered to be transferred by through soul material. This soul material was particularly identified by certain body part of the victim particularly the head. In the community that practiced such behavior they had a belief that if a young man ate the elder, such individual could get wisdom or if it was an elder who ate a young victim this could have added vigor. African had a strong attachment with the dead. In fact, cannibalism in Africa was part of religious act that consisted of complex rules that actually prescribed who should partake of the human flesh and who is supposed to be eaten and also clearly spelt out which part were to be eaten. It also described what parts of the victim’s body were to be kept as part of relics. There were other instances where medicines were made out of the human flesh. For instance, in Leopard societies in Sierra Leone, they used human entails to make certain kind of medicines. When the Sierra Leone became a British colony, the first thing they did was to bring to an end this practice. First, the British investigated what was happening in the jungle. When it had a breakthrough in its investigations to address this extraordinary killing of human beings, it passed a bill which was called ‘The Leopard Ordonance’. This outlawed any possession of a leopard skin that were usually worn by these people who practiced these rituals, a three- pronged knife and a special native medicine called Borfina that constituted a concoction of human flesh such as fat and blood. It was potent in the hand of its owner as it was believed to help one to be powerful and rich . Through use of law and assimilation of European culture Africans experienced a transformation that played a great role in liberating them from such practices. This helped to uphold human dignity and universal human rights particularly right to life (Karoline, para. 7-14). Modern medicine As many of colonial powers embarked on a political project to control much of the world, diseases were the major obstacles for their expansion particularly in African continent. Tropical diseases such as malaria among others posed great challenge because there was no efficient form of medical treatment that existed in African land before except traditional medicine. Many African had a belief that disease was as result of witchcraft or evil spirits as opposed to empirical approach in treatment and management of the disease by European countries . This necessitated them to have attachment of medical personnel to commercial marines and putting up of rudimentary hospital facilities at their colonial territories. A good example is development of medical care in Tanzania. Christian missionaries were the first to introduce allopathic medicine in the territory. Eventually the colonial master in Tanzania assumed the responsibility of providing the health care to serve the army garrison that was stationed in the region partly to counter indigenous resistance and also to provide health care to European settlers. In British colonies they promoted establishment of the London and Liverpool schools of medicine where the study of tropical disease such as those found in the region was given the first priority. After World War 1, Tanzania became a British colony and it assumed the control of colonial medical care where it provided medical care at provincial and district administration levels, voluntary services that involved missions and employer-based that catered for the medical needs at plantations, mines and factories. They also implemented preventative measures that were in form of public health programs. This greatly helped to address the health needs of African that never existed before. It is on the basis of these colonial efforts to address tropical diseases which were a threat to their lives helped to see African countries with improved health care and reduced mortality rate from fatal tropical diseases (Baer, Singer and Susser, pp 18-22). Conclusion Colonialism by the Europe countries was considered to be a mission of civilization to the ‘uncivilized societies’ to be able to advance in state of achieving sustainable liberalized institutions and self government. However the legitimacy of colonialism by these European nations has always staged unsettled debate both in political sphere and with moral philosophers all over the world. Colonialism proved to be the only way through which West Europe could peruse their capitalism motives in the third world countries. Even though there have been shortcomings associated with colonial rule there has been an overall positive effect for Africa. Colonial rule brought enlightenment where ignorance did thrive. It helped to suppress barbaric practices such as pagan worship and cannibalism among others. It laid the seeds of the intellectual and material development as seen through infrastructure development, formal education and modern medicine that saved many Africans lives from deadly tropical diseases that were considered to be caused by witchcraft. Also it helped to reduce the economic gap whereby integration of colonies into international capitalist economy ushered in initial stages of globalization.